基于3种线粒体标记探讨中日沿海角木叶鲽遗传多样性差异

角木叶鲽(Pleuronichthys cornutus)是东亚沿海重要的鲽形目经济鱼类, 为更好地保护和开发利用其种质资源, 有必要全面了解其遗传背景。本研究测定了中国和日本沿海7个群体200尾角木叶鲽线粒体控制区(CR) 5'端、细胞色素b (Cytb)和NADH脱氢酶第二亚基(ND2)基因序列, 比较不同标记在解析遗传多样性和种群结构上的可行性与有效性, 阐明中日沿海角木叶鲽群体间出现遗传分化的分子机制。CR序列分析发现中日沿海7个角木叶鲽群体遗传多样性表现出较高的单倍型多样性(H_d = 0.9699)和较低的核苷酸多样性(π = 0.0061); 各群体间无显著的遗传分化(F_ST = -0.0197-0.0184, P > 0.05); 单倍型网络未显示出明显的地理聚群和谱系结构; 分子方差分析(AMOVA)表明变异主要发生在群体内部(> 99.17%)。进一步通过Cytb和ND2基因分别与CR序列对比分析, 结果表明群体遗传多样性均表现为高H_d (0.9683-0.9829)低π (0.0050-0.0063)模式, 仅有ND2基因分析F_ST值(F_ST = 0.0302, P < 0.05)显示了中国碣石(GDJS)和日本明石(JAP)群体间显著的低水平遗传分化现象。CR、Cytb和ND2的单倍型网络图均无明显的地理聚类和谱系结构, AMOVA分析也显示变异主要来源于群体内(> 98.39%)。种群历史动态分析结果显示, 角木叶鲽可能在第四纪中更新世晚期经历了群体扩张事件, 扩张时间分别为31.93-9.58万年前(CR)、27.53-22.02万年前(Cytb)和26.99-18.75万年前(ND2)。综上所述, 中日沿海的角木叶鲽具有较高遗传多样性, GDJS和JAP群体间存在低度分化; ND2基因比CR和Cytb序列更适于分析角木叶鲽种群遗传结构, 选择多个遗传标记可有效弥补单一标记分析遗传多样性的局限性; 推测冰期两大独立避难所的形成及GDJS和JAP群体距离相隔较远是其发生遗传分化的主要原因。研究结果为中日沿海角木叶鲽渔业资源的种质保护与可持续利用提供了理论依据。     

Inhibitory activity of brown algal phlorotannins against glycosidases from the viscera of the turban shell Turbo cornutus

The crude phlorotannins from the brown alga Eisenia bicyclis showed inhibitory activity against 10 of 13 kinds of glycosidases present in the viscera of the turban shell Turbo cornutus. Phloroglucinol and its oligomers – eckol (a trimer), phlorofucofuroeckol A (a pentamer), dieckol and 8,8′-bieckol (hexamers), and an unidentified tetramer – were isolated from the crude phlorotannins by column and thin-layer chromatography. Phlorofucofuroeckol A, dieckol and 8,8′-bieckol inhibited α-fucosidase, β-galactosidase and β-mannosidase partially purified from T. cornutus, while phloroglucinol, eckol and the unidentified tetramer were weakly active. Dieckol was a competitive inhibitor of α-fucosidase with an inhibition constant (K _i) of 0.12?mM. The amounts of phlorotannins released after the immersion of freshly collected E. bicyclis in seawater or deionized water were estimated by high-performance liquid chromatography. Nearly all the phlorotannins were exuded into the medium following the death of the algae, whereas no phlorotannins were detected in the medium of living algae. These findings indicate that the phlorotannins deter the feeding of marine herbivorous gastropods by inhibiting the glycosidases.     

Ultrastructural and Cytochemical Observations on Sporogenesis of Myxobolus sp. (Myxosporida: Myxobolidae) from the Common Shiner Notropis cornutus*

SYNOPSIS. The structure and cytochemistry of spores of Myxobolus sp. from plasmodia which occur in the gill filaments of the common shiner Notropis cornutus were studied by light microscopy and by scanning and transmission electron microscopy. The thin-walled valves of the pyriform spores are thickened in the lateral sutural and apical regions. Mucous material is associated predominantly with the posterior end of many spores. The plasmodium is surrounded by a syncytial wall bounded by 2 membranes. Pinocytotic channels are formed by the inner membrane and numerous dense vesicles are pinched off at the distal ends of the channels. Sporogenesis is initiated by the envelopment of one vegetative cell by another. The larger, enveloped cell divides to form a disporous pansporoblast, which contains 2 pairs of capsulogenic and valvogenic cells and 2 binucleate sporoplasm cells. Each capsular primordium and connecting external tubule gives rise to a polar capsule which houses a helically coiled polar tubule. The apical end of each polar capsule is plugged by a stopper. The valvogenic cells surround the capsulogenic and posteriorly situated sporoplasm cells to form the spore valves. Iodinophilic (glycogen) inclusions were not seen in spores stained with iodine or Best's carmine. A darkly stained band was observed around the posterior region of most spores stained with Best's carmine. In the electron microscope large aggregates of β glycogen particles were seen in the cytoplasm of sporoplasm cells in mature spores.     

Nondestructive sampling of insect DNA from defensive secretion

Nondestructive techniques to obtain DNA from organisms can further genetic analyses such as estimating genetic diversity, dispersal and lifetime fitness, without permanently removing individuals from the population or removing body parts. Possible DNA sources for insects include frass, exuviae, and wing and leg clippings. However, these are not feasible approaches for organisms that cannot be removed from their natural environment for long periods or when adverse effects of tissue removal must be avoided. This study evaluated the impacts and efficacy of extracting haemolymph from a defensive secretion to obtain DNA for amplification of microsatellites using a nondestructive technique. A secretion containing haemolymph was obtained from Bolitotherus cornutus (the forked fungus beetle) by perturbation of the defensive gland with a capillary tube. A laboratory experiment demonstrated that the sampling methodology had no impact on mortality, reproductive success or gland expression. To evaluate the quality of DNA obtained in natural samples, haemolymph was collected from 187 individuals in the field and successfully genotyped at nine microsatellite loci for 95.7% of samples. These results indicate that haemolymph-rich defensive secretions contain DNA and can be sampled without negative impacts on the health or fitness of individual insects.     

四种菊头蝠染色体组型分析

本文分析了皮氏菊头蝠(R. pearsoni chinensis),鲁氏菊头蝠(R.rouxi sinicus),角菊头蝠(R.cornutus pumilus)及中菊头蝠(R.affinis)的常规核型,现报道如下。     

中国跳蛛科1新种及2新记录种记述（蛛形纲：蜘蛛目）

记述了我国跳蛛科1新种;角拟蝇虎Plexippoides cornntus sp.nov.及两新记录种,荣艾普蛛Epeus glorius Zabka,1985和不丹蝇虎Plexippus bhulani Zabka,1990。测量长度单位为mm。     

Phenotypic assortment mediates the effect of social selection in a wild beetle population

Social interactions often have major fitness consequences, but little is known about how specific interacting phenotypes affect the strength of natural selection. Social influences on the evolutionary process can be assessed using a multilevel selection approach that partitions the effects of social partner phenotypes on fitness (referred to as social or group selection) from those of the traits of a focal individual (nonsocial or individual selection). To quantify the contribution of social selection to total selection affecting a trait, the patterns of phenotypic association among interactants must also be considered. We estimated selection gradients on male body size in a wild population of forked fungus beetles (Bolitotherus cornutus). We detected positive nonsocial selection and negative social selection on body size operating through differences in copulation success, indicating that large males with small social partners had highest fitness. In addition, we found that, in low-density demes, the phenotypes of focal individuals were negatively correlated with those of their social partners. This pattern reversed the negative effect of group selection on body size and led to stronger positive selection for body size. Our results demonstrate multilevel selection in nature and stress the importance of considering social selection whenever conspecific interactions occur nonrandomly.     

3种园蛛幼蛛各龄形态比较

实验室恒温条件下,研究了园蛛属3种园蛛——角园蛛(Araneus cornutus),叶斑园蛛(A.sta),大腹园蛛(A.ventricosus)的各龄幼蛛。描述它们各自的形态特征;指出它们之间的形态差异。     

Anti-predator behaviour depends on male weapon size

Tonic immobility and escape are adaptive anti-predator tactics used by many animals. Escape requires movement, whereas tonic immobility does not. If anti-predator tactics relate to weapon size, males with larger weapons may adopt tonic immobility, whereas males with smaller weapons may adopt escape. However, no study has investigated the relationship between weapon size and anti-predator tactics. In this study, we investigated the relationship between male weapon size and tonic immobility in the beetle Gnathocerus cornutus. The results showed that tonic immobility was more frequent in males with larger weapons. Although most studies of tonic immobility in beetles have focused on the duration, rather than the frequency, tonic immobility duration was not affected by weapon size in G. cornutus. Therefore, this study is the first, to our knowledge, to suggest that the male weapon trait affects anti-predator tactics.     

浙江省发现角原矛头蝮

<正>2014年7月24日,于浙江省台州市仙居县(28°37′N,120°36′E,海拔339 m)发现1号雄性活体蛇类标本,经查阅文献和鉴定,确认为角原矛头蝮(Protobothrops cornutus),系华东地区及浙江省蛇类属、种的地理新分布,也是我国发现角原矛头蝮仅有的第5个分布点。本次采集的角原矛头蝮标本全长615.0 mm,头长26.0 mm,体长484.0 mm,尾长105.0 mm。头呈三角形,头颈部区分明显,上颌1对管牙,鼻眼间有颊窝,颊窝由3片大鳞围成,其中1枚为第2上唇鳞。上唇鳞10枚,鼻鳞与第1上唇鳞分离。下唇鳞14枚。舌前段2/3为黑色,后